It is with great pleasure to introduce you to Helen Sword as guest speaker here today at the Copywriting in Action Live-On-Line School. The first time I read her article, Stylish Academic Writing [The Conversation; July 2012]¹ I promptly shared it with all my copywriting, editing and clear writing students, and I have been doing so ever since. Now I want to share her piece with all CWiA subscribers. And those of you serious about clear, concise and compelling writing will agree it’s the must-read of the week (if not month).
I am particularly pleased to share her instructions below because it’s from an academic. And rightly or wrongly, academics have earned a bit of a reputation for imperious verging on impenetrable writing, premised on the notion that if we don’t understand them, they must be highly intelligent. Helen brings us all nicely back down to earth, leaving us assured that it’s okay, even sensible, to write plainly and entertainingly about subject matters of the gravitas kind.
As a copywriter, I always considered myself at the opposite end of the writer’s spectrum from academics such as Helen Sword and Steven Pinker. We’re the street writers; academics are the Mount Olympian orators. But this piece from her proves me happily wrong. In fact, we are on common ground. Everything she says is what I have been saying in class and online throughout my career as a copywriter, editor and educator. She shows that no matter what type of writing you do — whether you’re scribing away at a desk in an ivory tower or scratching down notes in a lane-way cafe — clear communication with the reader’s best interests at heart is the name of the game just the same.
So put down your pen, make yourself reader-ready and let Helen Sword relieve your anxiety with seven valuable pieces of writerly advice. Then at the end of this post, you and your colleagues can have some fun finding out how “flabby” or “fit” your own writing is with Helen’s Writers Diet Test.²
Imagine that the editor of a widely-read magazine or, say, The Conversation has heard about your academic research and invited you to contribute an article. But you only know how to produce stodgy, impersonal papers for peer-reviewed disciplinary journals.
How do you undo years of scholarly training and learn to write like a human being?
It’s a dilemma many academics face when engaging with print or online media for the first time, so here are seven tips to turn your jargon into energetic prose that anyone can understand.
1. Start with the title
The titles of academic articles are typically abstract, technical, and utterly uninviting, such as:
“Social-Organizational Characteristics of Work and Publication Productivity among Academic Scientists in Doctoral-Granting Departments”
To send a more welcoming signal to potential readers, try phrasing your title as a question (“Why Are Some Scientists More Productive Than Others?”), a provocative statement (“Productivity Hurts”), a metaphor (“Productivity: Holy Grail or Poisoned Chalice?”) or other memorable phrase (“The Productivity Paradox”).
Wherever possible, opt for simple, concrete language.
“Snakes on a Plane” is an inviting title; “Aggressive Serpentine Behaviour in a Restrictive Aviation Environment” is not.
2. Follow with an opening hook
“Scientific work takes place in organisations that may either facilitate or inhibit performance and within a larger, social community of science that may limit, constrain, or stimulate the development of ideas and actions.”
Yawn – you’ve already lost us. Follow up your engaging title with an opening paragraph that contains a question, quotation, anecdote or description: a vivid scene, a surprising fact.
Toss your readers into the middle of a story that has already begun.
3. Tell a story
The stories we like best have real people in them. Consider making yourself the central character in a tale of academic challenge and discovery.
Alternatively, find another human face to focus on: the cancer patient helped by a new treatment, the student who confronted and overcame a conceptual roadblock, the artist who struggled to find an appropriate aesthetic form for conveying the horrors of war.
With practice, you can learn to craft an equally compelling story featuring non-human characters: seagulls, red blood cells, a theorem, a text.
4. Be human
Remember you are a human being writing for other human beings.
Whether or not you employ the personal pronoun “I”, cultivate an authoritative yet conversational voice that invokes confidence and trust.
Read a few paragraphs aloud to yourself or to a friend. Do your sentences sound as though they’ve been produced by a robot? Or can you hear a real person speaking?
5. Be concrete
Academics typically traffic in abstract language. Readers, however, grasp abstract concepts best when they are grounded in the physical world.
Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech vividly illustrates this principle:
“I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.”
King invokes a colourful landscape (the red hills of Georgia), stocks it with human characters (the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners) and gives those people something to do (sit down together at the table).
Not until the end of the sentence does he deliver the abstract noun at its heart. Brotherhood, King shows us, is not just an empty ideal but a place, an action, a shared meal.
6. Vary your verbs
Verbs are the batteries that power your sentences. Flat, predictable verbs produce flat, predictable prose:
“The focus of archaeological research on technology as an adaptation has, according to some, removed technologies from the historical circumstances in which they came into existence.”
Active verbs, by contrast, supply vigour and verve:
“Insects suck, chew, parasitize, bore, store, and even cultivate their foods to a highly sophisticated degree of specialization.”
Verbs pack their strongest punch when they directly follow a noun and when both agent and action can be clearly identified.
Compare the subject-verb cores of the two sentences above: “The focus … has … removed” (what is this sentence really about?); “Insects suck, chew, parasitize, bore, store, cultivate” (you can practically see those ravenous insects swarming).
7. Sweat the details
Writing baggy, lazy prose is easy; writing clear, lively prose is hard. Stylish academic writers hone and polish their sentences until they gleam.
They are ruthless about eliminating clutter (“From an analysis of the resulting data it can be seen that …”) and meticulous about word choice, syntax and flow. They work hard on their writing so their readers won’t have to.
These “secrets”, of course, are not secrets at all; they are core principles of effective written and oral communication. Put them under your pillow and breathe them into your dreams.
Whatever your subject matter or audience, they will help you energise your lectures, sharpen your grant applications, and produce more consequential research.
¹ This article was originally published on The Conversation.
³ Helen Sword’s new book, Stylish Academic Writing, is published by Harvard University Press. You can find out if your own writing is “flabby or fit”, by running a few samples of your work through the Writer’s Diet test.
Originally posted 2015-05-07 00:51:34.
I feel like this article was written directly to me. While I certainly don’t class myself as an academic, I do fall into the trap of writing like a robot. Professional writing was, to me, about writing an essay for a uni assignment. Now I’m needing to change my whole style, lifting it up and throwing it out. So many things I need to remember while writing my homework. Number 4 and 5 are the two main points I will take away from this article.
It was written to you Cecilie. Helen says “hello” and is glad to know you’re doing the Copywriting in Action Online course:)